Merge branch 'main' of https://github.com/moe-charm/nyash

apps/tests/mir-compare-multi/main.nyash

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+// mir-compare-multi - exercise Compare ops under JIT-direct
+
+static box Main {
+    main() {
+        local c = 0
+        if 1 < 2 { c = c + 1 }    // true
+        if 2 < 1 { c = c + 10 }   // false (unchanged)
+        if 5 == 5 { c = c + 100 } // true
+        if 7 != 7 { c = c + 1000 } // false
+        // Expect 1 + 100 = 101
+        return c
+    }
+}
+

apps/tests/vm-plugin-smoke-counter/main.nyash

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+// vm-plugin-smoke-counter
+// Purpose: Verify VM uses plugin boxes deterministically (CounterBox)
+// Expected: returns 1 after a single inc()
+
+// Note: VM runner in this branch initializes plugin host and prefers
+// plugin implementations for core boxes. CounterBox is provided by
+// libnyash_counter_plugin per nyash.toml.
+
+local c = new CounterBox()
+c.inc()
+return c.get()
+

apps/tests/vm-plugin-smoke-filebox/main.nyash

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+// vm-plugin-smoke-filebox
+// Purpose: Verify VM uses FileBox plugin to open/read a file.
+// Script expects the test file to be created by the runner script.
+
+local path = "tmp/vm_filebox_smoke.txt"
+local f = new FileBox()
+f.open(path, "r")
+local s = f.read()
+f.close()
+// Return the length of read content to avoid printing large buffers
+return s.length()
+

src/backend/vm_instructions/plugin_invoke.rs

@@ -87,9 +87,16 @@ impl VM {
                 let mut out_len: usize = out.len();
                 unsafe { (p.inner.invoke_fn)(p.inner.type_id, mh.method_id as u32, p.inner.instance_id, tlv.as_ptr(), tlv.len(), out.as_mut_ptr(), &mut out_len) };
                 let vm_out_raw: VMValue = if let Some((tag, _sz, payload)) = crate::runtime::plugin_ffi_common::decode::tlv_first(&out[..out_len]) {
+                    if std::env::var("NYASH_DEBUG_PLUGIN").ok().as_deref() == Some("1") {
+                        eprintln!("[VM←Plugin] tag={} size={} bytes={}", tag, _sz, payload.len());
+                    }
                     match tag {
                         1 => crate::runtime::plugin_ffi_common::decode::bool(payload).map(VMValue::Bool).unwrap_or(VMValue::Void),
-                        2 => crate::runtime::plugin_ffi_common::decode::i32(payload).map(|v| VMValue::Integer(v as i64)).unwrap_or(VMValue::Void),
+                        2 => {
+                            let v = crate::runtime::plugin_ffi_common::decode::i32(payload).unwrap_or_default();
+                            if std::env::var("NYASH_DEBUG_PLUGIN").ok().as_deref() == Some("1") { eprintln!("[VM←Plugin] decode i32={}", v); }
+                            VMValue::Integer(v as i64)
+                        },
                         5 => crate::runtime::plugin_ffi_common::decode::f64(payload).map(VMValue::Float).unwrap_or(VMValue::Void),
                         6 | 7 => VMValue::String(crate::runtime::plugin_ffi_common::decode::string(payload)),
                         8 => {

src/interpreter/core.rs

@@ -118,6 +118,35 @@ impl NyashInterpreter {
         // Register MethodBox invoker once (idempotent)
         self::register_methodbox_invoker();
 
+        // Best-effort: initialize plugin host/config when running interpreter standalone
+        // This mirrors runner initialization so that `new FileBox()` etc. work without the CLI path.
+        // Policy: enable plugin-builtins for FileBox/TOMLBox by default; Array/Map remain builtin unless explicitly overridden.
+        if std::env::var("NYASH_DISABLE_PLUGINS").ok().as_deref() != Some("1") {
+            if std::path::Path::new("nyash.toml").exists() {
+                let needs_init = {
+                    let host = crate::runtime::get_global_plugin_host();
+                    host.read().map(|h| h.config_ref().is_none()).unwrap_or(true)
+                };
+                if needs_init {
+                    let _ = crate::runtime::init_global_plugin_host("nyash.toml");
+                    // Apply config to BoxFactoryRegistry so UnifiedBoxRegistry can resolve plugin boxes
+                    crate::runner_plugin_init::init_bid_plugins();
+                }
+                // Prefer plugin implementations for specific types when available
+                if std::env::var("NYASH_USE_PLUGIN_BUILTINS").ok().is_none() {
+                    std::env::set_var("NYASH_USE_PLUGIN_BUILTINS", "1");
+                }
+                // Merge override list with FileBox/TOMLBox only (safe defaults for interpreter flows)
+                let mut override_types: Vec<String> = if let Ok(list) = std::env::var("NYASH_PLUGIN_OVERRIDE_TYPES") {
+                    list.split(',').map(|s| s.trim().to_string()).filter(|s| !s.is_empty()).collect()
+                } else { vec![] };
+                for t in ["FileBox", "TOMLBox"] {
+                    if !override_types.iter().any(|x| x == t) { override_types.push(t.to_string()); }
+                }
+                std::env::set_var("NYASH_PLUGIN_OVERRIDE_TYPES", override_types.join(","));
+            }
+        }
+
         this
     }
 

src/jit/lower/builder/cranelift.rs

@@ -512,7 +512,7 @@ impl IRBuilder for CraneliftBuilder {
             while args.len() < _argc { args.push(fb.ins().iconst(types::I64, 0)); }
         });
         for _ in 0.._argc { sig.params.push(AbiParam::new(types::I64)); }
-        if has_ret { sig.returns.push(AbiParam::new(types::I64)); }
+        
         let func_id = self.module.declare_function(symbol, cranelift_module::Linkage::Import, &sig).expect("declare import failed");
         if let Some(v) = tls_call_import_ret(&mut self.module, func_id, &args, has_ret) { self.value_stack.push(v); }
     }
@@ -639,10 +639,6 @@ impl IRBuilder for CraneliftBuilder {
     }
     fn emit_plugin_invoke_by_name(&mut self, method: &str, argc: usize, has_ret: bool) {
         use cranelift_codegen::ir::{AbiParam, Signature, types};
-        Self::with_fb(|fb| {
-            if let Some(idx) = self.current_block_index { fb.switch_to_block(self.blocks[idx]); }
-            else if let Some(b) = self.entry_block { fb.switch_to_block(b); }
-        });
                 // Collect call args
         let mut arg_vals: Vec<cranelift_codegen::ir::Value> = {
             let take_n = argc.min(self.value_stack.len());
@@ -656,7 +652,8 @@ impl IRBuilder for CraneliftBuilder {
         sig.params.push(AbiParam::new(types::I64));
         sig.params.push(AbiParam::new(types::I64));
         sig.params.push(AbiParam::new(types::I64));
-        if has_ret { sig.returns.push(AbiParam::new(types::I64)); }
+        sig.returns.push(AbiParam::new(types::I64));
+        
         let sym = match method { "getattr" => "nyash_plugin_invoke_name_getattr_i64", _ => "nyash_plugin_invoke_name_call_i64" };
         let func_id = self.module.declare_function(sym, cranelift_module::Linkage::Import, &sig).expect("declare name shim failed");
         let ret_val = Self::with_fb(|fb| {
@@ -710,13 +707,20 @@ impl IRBuilder for CraneliftBuilder {
     }
     fn switch_to_block(&mut self, index: usize) {
         if index >= self.blocks.len() { return; }
+        // Avoid redundant switch_to_block calls that can trip FunctionBuilder state
+        if self.current_block_index == Some(index) { return; }
         Self::with_fb(|fb| {
             // If switching away from a non-terminated block, inject jump to keep CFG sane
             if let Some(cur) = self.current_block_index {
-                if self.cur_needs_term && cur != index { fb.ins().jump(self.blocks[index], &[]); self.cur_needs_term = false; }
+                if self.cur_needs_term && cur != index {
+                    fb.ins().jump(self.blocks[index], &[]);
+                    self.cur_needs_term = false;
+                }
             }
             fb.switch_to_block(self.blocks[index]);
             self.current_block_index = Some(index);
+            // New current block now requires a terminator before any further switch
+            self.cur_needs_term = true;
         });
     }
     fn seal_block(&mut self, _index: usize) { /* final sealing handled in end_function */ }

src/jit/lower/builder/object.rs

@@ -65,6 +65,12 @@ impl IRBuilder for ObjectBuilder {
         self.current_name = Some(name.to_string());
         self.value_stack.clear();
         self.value_tags.clear();
+        // Reset contexts to satisfy Cranelift requirements when reusing the builder
+        self.ctx = cranelift_codegen::Context::new();
+        self.fbc = cranelift_frontend::FunctionBuilderContext::new();
+        self.blocks.clear();
+        self.entry_block = None;
+        self.current_block_index = None;
         if !self.typed_sig_prepared {
             let call_conv = self.module.isa().default_call_conv();
             let mut sig = Signature::new(call_conv);
@@ -93,6 +99,10 @@ impl IRBuilder for ObjectBuilder {
             let finished = std::mem::replace(&mut self.module, Self::fresh_module());
             let product = finished.finish();
             self.object_bytes = Some(product.emit().expect("emit object"));
+        // Clear per-function state to allow reuse
+        self.blocks.clear();
+        self.entry_block = None;
+        self.current_block_index = None;
     }
     fn prepare_signature_i64(&mut self, argc: usize, has_ret: bool) { self.desired_argc = argc; self.desired_has_ret = has_ret; }
     fn prepare_signature_typed(&mut self, _params: &[ParamKind], _ret_is_f64: bool) { self.typed_sig_prepared = true; }
@@ -477,7 +487,7 @@ impl IRBuilder for ObjectBuilder {
         // Build signature and declare import
         let mut sig = Signature::new(self.module.isa().default_call_conv());
         for _ in 0..12 { sig.params.push(AbiParam::new(types::I64)); }
-        if has_ret { sig.returns.push(AbiParam::new(types::I64)); }
+        sig.returns.push(AbiParam::new(types::I64));
         let func_id = self.module.declare_function("nyash_plugin_invoke3_tagged_i64", cranelift_module::Linkage::Import, &sig).expect("declare plugin invoke tagged");
         let fref = self.module.declare_func_in_func(func_id, fb.func);
 
@@ -530,7 +540,7 @@ impl IRBuilder for ObjectBuilder {
 
         let mut sig = Signature::new(self.module.isa().default_call_conv());
         for _ in 0..5 { sig.params.push(AbiParam::new(types::I64)); }
-        if has_ret { sig.returns.push(AbiParam::new(types::I64)); }
+        sig.returns.push(AbiParam::new(types::I64));
         let func_id = self.module.declare_function("nyash.plugin.invoke_by_name_i64", cranelift_module::Linkage::Import, &sig).expect("declare plugin invoke by-name");
         let fref = self.module.declare_func_in_func(func_id, fb.func);
 

src/jit/lower/core.rs

@@ -494,6 +494,9 @@ impl LowerCore {
                 if let Some(v) = self.known_i64.get(src).copied() { self.known_i64.insert(*dst, v); }
                 if let Some(v) = self.known_f64.get(src).copied() { self.known_f64.insert(*dst, v); }
                 if let Some(v) = self.known_str.get(src).cloned() { self.known_str.insert(*dst, v); }
+                // Propagate handle/type knowledge to keep BoxCall routing stable across copies
+                if self.handle_values.contains(src) { self.handle_values.insert(*dst); }
+                if let Some(bt) = self.box_type_map.get(src).cloned() { self.box_type_map.insert(*dst, bt); }
                 // Propagate boolean classification through Copy
                 if self.bool_values.contains(src) { self.bool_values.insert(*dst); }
                 // If source is a parameter, materialize it on the stack for downstream ops and persist into dst slot
@@ -713,7 +716,40 @@ impl LowerCore {
                     }
                 }
                 let handled = self.lower_box_call(func, b, &array, method.as_str(), args, dst.clone())?;
-                if trace { eprintln!("[LOWER] BoxCall recv={:?} method={} handled={} box_type={:?} dst?={}", array, method, handled, self.box_type_map.get(&array), dst.is_some()); }
+                if trace {
+                    eprintln!(
+                        "[LOWER] BoxCall recv={:?} method={} handled={} box_type={:?} dst?={}",
+                        array, method, handled, self.box_type_map.get(&array), dst.is_some()
+                    );
+                    if !handled {
+                        let bt = self.box_type_map.get(&array).cloned().unwrap_or_default();
+                        let is_param = self.param_index.contains_key(&array);
+                        let has_local = self.local_index.contains_key(&array);
+                        let is_handle = self.handle_values.contains(&array);
+                        // Classify up to first 3 args: i(known_i64) s(known_str) p(param) l(local) h(handle) -(unknown)
+                        let mut arg_kinds: Vec<&'static str> = Vec::new();
+                        for a in args.iter().take(3) {
+                            let k = if self.known_i64.contains_key(a) { "i" }
+                                    else if self.known_str.contains_key(a) { "s" }
+                                    else if self.param_index.contains_key(a) { "p" }
+                                    else if self.local_index.contains_key(a) { "l" }
+                                    else if self.handle_values.contains(a) { "h" }
+                                    else { "-" };
+                            arg_kinds.push(k);
+                        }
+                        // Policy hint: whether a mapped HostCall exists for (box_type, method)
+                        let policy = crate::jit::policy::invoke::decide_box_method(&bt, method.as_str(), 1 + args.len(), dst.is_some());
+                        let policy_str = match policy {
+                            crate::jit::policy::invoke::InvokeDecision::HostCall { ref symbol, .. } => format!("hostcall:{}", symbol),
+                            crate::jit::policy::invoke::InvokeDecision::PluginInvoke { .. } => "plugin_invoke".to_string(),
+                            crate::jit::policy::invoke::InvokeDecision::Fallback { ref reason } => format!("fallback:{}", reason),
+                        };
+                        eprintln!(
+                            "[LOWER] fallback(reason=unhandled) box_type='{}' method='{}' recv[param?{} local?{} handle?{}] args={:?} policy={}",
+                            bt, method, is_param, has_local, is_handle, arg_kinds, policy_str
+                        );
+                    }
+                }
                 if handled {
                     return Ok(());
                 }

src/jit/lower/core/ops_ext.rs

@@ -19,8 +19,9 @@ impl LowerCore {
             let argc = 1 + args.len();
             if let Some(pidx) = self.param_index.get(box_val).copied() { b.emit_param_i64(pidx); } else { self.push_value_if_known_or_param(b, box_val); }
             let decision = crate::jit::policy::invoke::decide_box_method(&bt, m, argc, dst.is_some());
-            if let crate::jit::policy::invoke::InvokeDecision::PluginInvoke { type_id, method_id, .. } = decision {
+            if let crate::jit::policy::invoke::InvokeDecision::PluginInvoke { type_id, method_id, box_type, .. } = decision {
                 b.emit_plugin_invoke(type_id, method_id, argc, dst.is_some());
+                crate::jit::observe::lower_plugin_invoke(&box_type, m, type_id, method_id, argc);
                 if let Some(d) = dst { self.handle_values.insert(*d); }
             } else { if dst.is_some() { b.emit_const_i64(0); } }
         } else if (bt == "PyRuntimeBox" && (m == "getattr" || m == "call")) {
@@ -82,8 +83,9 @@ impl LowerCore {
             if let Some(arg0) = args.get(0) { self.push_value_if_known_or_param(b, arg0); }
             // Resolve plugin invoke for ConsoleBox.method
             let decision = crate::jit::policy::invoke::decide_box_method("ConsoleBox", method_name, 2, dst.is_some());
-            if let crate::jit::policy::invoke::InvokeDecision::PluginInvoke { type_id, method_id, .. } = decision {
+            if let crate::jit::policy::invoke::InvokeDecision::PluginInvoke { type_id, method_id, box_type, .. } = decision {
                 b.emit_plugin_invoke(type_id, method_id, 2, dst.is_some());
+                crate::jit::observe::lower_plugin_invoke(&box_type, method_name, type_id, method_id, 2);
             } else if dst.is_some() { b.emit_const_i64(0); }
             return Ok(());
         }
@@ -173,6 +175,49 @@ impl LowerCore {
             );
             return Ok(true);
         }
+                // 非コアBox（例: EguiBox など）は共通処理として名前ベースの plugin_invoke にフォールバック
+        // コアBoxの目安: StringBox/ArrayBox/MapBox（この後の分岐で処理）と PyRuntimeBox（専用分岐済）
+        if let Some(bt) = self.box_type_map.get(array).cloned() {
+            let is_core = bt == "StringBox" || bt == "ArrayBox" || bt == "MapBox" || bt == "PyRuntimeBox";
+            if !is_core {
+                // receiver: prefer existing local slot/param; ensure a valid runtime handle
+                if let Some(slot) = self.local_index.get(array).copied() {
+                    b.load_local_i64(slot);
+                } else if let Some(pidx) = self.param_index.get(array).copied() {
+                    b.emit_param_i64(pidx);
+                    b.emit_host_call(crate::jit::r#extern::handles::SYM_HANDLE_OF, 1, true);
+                } else {
+                    self.push_value_if_known_or_param(b, array);
+                    b.emit_host_call(crate::jit::r#extern::handles::SYM_HANDLE_OF, 1, true);
+                }
+                // push up to 2 args (name-shim supports at most 2 positional args beyond receiver)
+                let take_n = core::cmp::min(args.len(), 2);
+                for i in 0..take_n { if let Some(v) = args.get(i) { self.push_value_if_known_or_param(b, v); } }
+                let argc = 1 + take_n;
+                b.emit_plugin_invoke_by_name(method, argc, dst.is_some());
+                if std::env::var("NYASH_JIT_TRACE_LOWER").ok().as_deref() == Some("1") {
+                    crate::jit::events::emit_lower(
+                        serde_json::json!({
+                            "id": format!("plugin_name:{}:{}", bt, method),
+                            "decision": "allow",
+                            "reason": "plugin_invoke_by_name",
+                            "argc": argc
+                        }),
+                        "plugin","<jit>"
+                    );
+                }
+                if let Some(d) = dst {
+                    self.handle_values.insert(d);
+                    let slot = *self.local_index.entry(d).or_insert_with(|| { let id = self.next_local; self.next_local += 1; id });
+                    b.store_local_i64(slot);
+                }
+                if std::env::var("NYASH_JIT_TRACE_LOWER").ok().as_deref() == Some("1") {
+                    eprintln!("[LOWER] {}.{} via name-invoke (argc={})", bt, method, argc);
+                }
+                return Ok(true);
+            }
+        }
+        // Builtins-to-plugin path (subset for String/Array/Map critical ops)
 // Builtins-to-plugin path (subset for String/Array/Map critical ops)
         if std::env::var("NYASH_USE_PLUGIN_BUILTINS").ok().as_deref() == Some("1") {
             // StringBox (length/is_empty/charCodeAt)
@@ -661,6 +706,32 @@ impl LowerCore {
             _ => {}
         }
         // Not handled here
+        if std::env::var("NYASH_JIT_TRACE_LOWER").ok().as_deref() == Some("1") {
+            let bt = self.box_type_map.get(array).cloned().unwrap_or_default();
+            let is_param = self.param_index.contains_key(array);
+            let has_local = self.local_index.contains_key(array);
+            let is_handle = self.handle_values.contains(array);
+            let mut arg_kinds: Vec<&'static str> = Vec::new();
+            for a in args.iter().take(3) {
+                let k = if self.known_i64.contains_key(a) { "i" }
+                        else if self.known_str.contains_key(a) { "s" }
+                        else if self.param_index.contains_key(a) { "p" }
+                        else if self.local_index.contains_key(a) { "l" }
+                        else if self.handle_values.contains(a) { "h" }
+                        else { "-" };
+                arg_kinds.push(k);
+            }
+            let policy = crate::jit::policy::invoke::decide_box_method(&bt, method, 1 + args.len(), dst.is_some());
+            let policy_str = match policy {
+                crate::jit::policy::invoke::InvokeDecision::HostCall { ref symbol, .. } => format!("hostcall:{}", symbol),
+                crate::jit::policy::invoke::InvokeDecision::PluginInvoke { .. } => "plugin_invoke".to_string(),
+                crate::jit::policy::invoke::InvokeDecision::Fallback { ref reason } => format!("fallback:{}", reason),
+            };
+            eprintln!(
+                "[LOWER] unhandled BoxCall: box_type='{}' method='{}' recv[param?{} local?{} handle?{}] args={:?} policy={}",
+                bt, method, is_param, has_local, is_handle, arg_kinds, policy_str
+            );
+        }
         Ok(false)
     }
 }

src/main.rs

@@ -56,6 +56,7 @@ pub mod config;
 
 // Runtime system (plugins, registry, etc.)
 pub mod runtime;
+pub mod runner_plugin_init;
 pub mod debug;
 pub mod grammar; // Phase 11.9 unified grammar scaffolding
 pub mod syntax;  // Phase 12.7: syntax sugar config and helpers (mirror lib layout)

src/runner/modes/vm.rs

@@ -6,6 +6,54 @@ use std::sync::Arc;
 impl NyashRunner {
     /// Execute VM mode (split)
     pub(crate) fn execute_vm_mode(&self, filename: &str) {
+        // Enforce plugin-first policy for VM on this branch (deterministic):
+        // - Initialize plugin host if not yet loaded
+        // - Prefer plugin implementations for core boxes
+        // - Optionally fail fast when plugins are missing (NYASH_VM_PLUGIN_STRICT=1)
+        {
+            // Initialize unified registry globals (idempotent)
+            nyash_rust::runtime::init_global_unified_registry();
+            // Init plugin host from nyash.toml if not yet loaded
+            let need_init = {
+                let host = nyash_rust::runtime::get_global_plugin_host();
+                host.read().map(|h| h.config_ref().is_none()).unwrap_or(true)
+            };
+            if need_init {
+                let _ = nyash_rust::runtime::init_global_plugin_host("nyash.toml");
+                crate::runner_plugin_init::init_bid_plugins();
+            }
+            // Prefer plugin-builtins for core types unless explicitly disabled
+            if std::env::var("NYASH_USE_PLUGIN_BUILTINS").ok().is_none() {
+                std::env::set_var("NYASH_USE_PLUGIN_BUILTINS", "1");
+            }
+            // Build stable override list
+            let mut override_types: Vec<String> = if let Ok(list) = std::env::var("NYASH_PLUGIN_OVERRIDE_TYPES") {
+                list.split(',').map(|s| s.trim().to_string()).filter(|s| !s.is_empty()).collect()
+            } else { vec![] };
+            for t in [
+                "FileBox", "TOMLBox", // IO/config
+                "ConsoleBox", "StringBox", "IntegerBox", // core value-ish
+                "ArrayBox", "MapBox", // collections
+                "MathBox", "TimeBox" // math/time helpers
+            ] {
+                if !override_types.iter().any(|x| x == t) { override_types.push(t.to_string()); }
+            }
+            std::env::set_var("NYASH_PLUGIN_OVERRIDE_TYPES", override_types.join(","));
+
+            // Strict mode: verify providers exist for override types
+            if std::env::var("NYASH_VM_PLUGIN_STRICT").ok().as_deref() == Some("1") {
+                let v2 = nyash_rust::runtime::get_global_registry();
+                let mut missing: Vec<String> = Vec::new();
+                for t in ["FileBox","ConsoleBox","ArrayBox","MapBox","StringBox","IntegerBox"] {
+                    if v2.get_provider(t).is_none() { missing.push(t.to_string()); }
+                }
+                if !missing.is_empty() {
+                    eprintln!("❌ VM plugin-first strict: missing providers for: {:?}", missing);
+                    std::process::exit(1);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
         // Read the file
         let code = match fs::read_to_string(filename) {
             Ok(content) => content,
@@ -78,43 +126,68 @@ impl NyashRunner {
         match vm.execute_module(&module_vm) {
             Ok(result) => {
                 println!("✅ VM execution completed successfully!");
-                // Pretty-print using MIR return type when available to avoid Void-looking floats/bools
-                if let Some(func) = compile_result.module.functions.get("main") {
+                // Pretty-print with coercions for plugin-backed values
+                // Prefer MIR signature when available, but fall back to runtime coercions to keep VM/JIT consistent.
+                let (ety, sval) = if let Some(func) = compile_result.module.functions.get("main") {
                     use nyash_rust::mir::MirType;
                     use nyash_rust::box_trait::{NyashBox, IntegerBox, BoolBox, StringBox};
                     use nyash_rust::boxes::FloatBox;
-                    let (ety, sval) = match &func.signature.return_type {
+                    match &func.signature.return_type {
                         MirType::Float => {
                             if let Some(fb) = result.as_any().downcast_ref::<FloatBox>() {
                                 ("Float", format!("{}", fb.value))
                             } else if let Some(ib) = result.as_any().downcast_ref::<IntegerBox>() {
                                 ("Float", format!("{}", ib.value as f64))
-                            } else { ("Float", result.to_string_box().value) }
+                            } else if let Some(s) = nyash_rust::runtime::semantics::coerce_to_string(result.as_ref()) {
+                                ("String", s)
+                            } else {
+                                (result.type_name(), result.to_string_box().value)
+                            }
                         }
                         MirType::Integer => {
                             if let Some(ib) = result.as_any().downcast_ref::<IntegerBox>() {
                                 ("Integer", ib.value.to_string())
-                            } else { ("Integer", result.to_string_box().value) }
+                            } else if let Some(i) = nyash_rust::runtime::semantics::coerce_to_i64(result.as_ref()) {
+                                ("Integer", i.to_string())
+                            } else {
+                                (result.type_name(), result.to_string_box().value)
+                            }
                         }
                         MirType::Bool => {
                             if let Some(bb) = result.as_any().downcast_ref::<BoolBox>() {
                                 ("Bool", bb.value.to_string())
                             } else if let Some(ib) = result.as_any().downcast_ref::<IntegerBox>() {
                                 ("Bool", (ib.value != 0).to_string())
-                            } else { ("Bool", result.to_string_box().value) }
+                            } else {
+                                (result.type_name(), result.to_string_box().value)
+                            }
                         }
                         MirType::String => {
                             if let Some(sb) = result.as_any().downcast_ref::<StringBox>() {
                                 ("String", sb.value.clone())
-                            } else { ("String", result.to_string_box().value) }
+                            } else if let Some(s) = nyash_rust::runtime::semantics::coerce_to_string(result.as_ref()) {
+                                ("String", s)
+                            } else {
+                                (result.type_name(), result.to_string_box().value)
                             }
-                        _ => { (result.type_name(), result.to_string_box().value) }
+                        }
+                        _ => {
+                            if let Some(i) = nyash_rust::runtime::semantics::coerce_to_i64(result.as_ref()) {
+                                ("Integer", i.to_string())
+                            } else if let Some(s) = nyash_rust::runtime::semantics::coerce_to_string(result.as_ref()) {
+                                ("String", s)
+                            } else { (result.type_name(), result.to_string_box().value) }
+                        }
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    if let Some(i) = nyash_rust::runtime::semantics::coerce_to_i64(result.as_ref()) {
+                        ("Integer", i.to_string())
+                    } else if let Some(s) = nyash_rust::runtime::semantics::coerce_to_string(result.as_ref()) {
+                        ("String", s)
+                    } else { (result.type_name(), result.to_string_box().value) }
                 };
                 println!("ResultType(MIR): {}", ety);
                 println!("Result: {}", sval);
-                } else {
-                    println!("Result: {:?}", result);
-                }
             },
             Err(e) => { eprintln!("❌ VM execution error: {}", e); process::exit(1); }
         }

src/runtime/plugin_loader_v2/enabled/loader.rs

@@ -266,26 +266,49 @@ impl PluginLoaderV2 {
         // Encode TLV args via shared helper (numeric→string→toString)
         let tlv = crate::runtime::plugin_ffi_common::encode_args(args);
         let (_code, out_len, out) = super::host_bridge::invoke_alloc(plugin.invoke_fn, type_id, method.method_id, instance_id, &tlv);
-        // Minimal decoding by method name
-        match method_name {
-            // Expect UTF-8 string result in bytes → StringBox
-            "toUtf8" | "toString" => {
-                let s = String::from_utf8_lossy(&out[0..out_len]).to_string();
-                return Ok(Some(Box::new(crate::box_trait::StringBox::new(s))));
+        // Decode TLV (first entry) generically
+        if let Some((tag, _sz, payload)) = crate::runtime::plugin_ffi_common::decode::tlv_first(&out[..out_len]) {
+            let bx: Box<dyn NyashBox> = match tag {
+                1 => Box::new(crate::box_trait::BoolBox::new(crate::runtime::plugin_ffi_common::decode::bool(payload).unwrap_or(false))),
+                2 => Box::new(crate::box_trait::IntegerBox::new(crate::runtime::plugin_ffi_common::decode::i32(payload).unwrap_or(0) as i64)),
+                3 => {
+                    // i64 payload
+                    if payload.len() == 8 { let mut b=[0u8;8]; b.copy_from_slice(payload); Box::new(crate::box_trait::IntegerBox::new(i64::from_le_bytes(b))) }
+                    else { Box::new(crate::box_trait::IntegerBox::new(0)) }
                 }
-            // Expect IntegerBox via little-endian i64 in first 8 bytes
-            "get" => {
-                if out_len >= 8 { let mut buf=[0u8;8]; buf.copy_from_slice(&out[0..8]); let n=i64::from_le_bytes(buf); return Ok(Some(Box::new(crate::box_trait::IntegerBox::new(n)))) }
-                return Ok(Some(Box::new(crate::box_trait::IntegerBox::new(0))));
+                5 => {
+                    let x = crate::runtime::plugin_ffi_common::decode::f64(payload).unwrap_or(0.0);
+                    Box::new(crate::boxes::FloatBox::new(x))
                 }
-            // Float path (approx): read 8 bytes as f64 and Box as FloatBox
-            "toDouble" => {
-                if out_len >= 8 { let mut buf=[0u8;8]; buf.copy_from_slice(&out[0..8]); let x=f64::from_le_bytes(buf); return Ok(Some(Box::new(crate::boxes::FloatBox::new(x)))) }
-                return Ok(Some(Box::new(crate::boxes::FloatBox::new(0.0))));
+                6 | 7 => {
+                    let s = crate::runtime::plugin_ffi_common::decode::string(payload);
+                    Box::new(crate::box_trait::StringBox::new(s))
                 }
-            _ => {}
+                8 => {
+                    // Plugin handle (type_id, instance_id) → wrap into PluginBoxV2
+                    if let Some((ret_type, inst)) = crate::runtime::plugin_ffi_common::decode::plugin_handle(payload) {
+                        let handle = Arc::new(super::types::PluginHandleInner {
+                            type_id: ret_type,
+                            invoke_fn: plugin.invoke_fn,
+                            instance_id: inst,
+                            fini_method_id: None,
+                            finalized: std::sync::atomic::AtomicBool::new(false),
+                        });
+                        Box::new(super::types::PluginBoxV2 { box_type: box_type.to_string(), inner: handle })
+                    } else { Box::new(crate::box_trait::VoidBox::new()) }
                 }
-        Ok(None)
+                9 => {
+                    // Host handle (u64) → try to map back to BoxRef, else void
+                    if let Some(u) = crate::runtime::plugin_ffi_common::decode::u64(payload) {
+                        if let Some(arc) = crate::runtime::host_handles::get(u) { return Ok(Some(arc.share_box())); }
+                    }
+                    Box::new(crate::box_trait::VoidBox::new())
+                }
+                _ => Box::new(crate::box_trait::VoidBox::new()),
+            };
+            return Ok(Some(bx));
+        }
+        Ok(Some(Box::new(crate::box_trait::VoidBox::new())))
     }
 
     pub fn create_box(&self, box_type: &str, _args: &[Box<dyn NyashBox>]) -> BidResult<Box<dyn NyashBox>> {

tools/aot_counter_smoke.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+set -euo pipefail
+
+ROOT_DIR=$(cd "$(dirname "$0")/.." && pwd)
+cd "$ROOT_DIR"
+
+APP="apps/tests/vm-plugin-smoke-counter/main.nyash"
+
+echo "[build] core + counter plugin"
+cargo build --release --features cranelift-jit
+cargo build -p nyash-counter-plugin --release
+
+echo "[AOT] emit + link + run"
+bash tools/build_aot.sh "$APP" app_counter_aot
+

tools/build_aot.sh

@@ -1,88 +1,38 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env bash
 set -euo pipefail
 
-if [[ "${NYASH_CLI_VERBOSE:-0}" == "1" ]]; then
-  set -x
-fi
+ROOT_DIR=$(cd "$(dirname "$0")/.." && pwd)
+cd "$ROOT_DIR"
 
-usage() {
-  cat << USAGE
-Usage: tools/build_aot.sh <input.nyash> [-o <output>]
+APP=${1:-apps/tests/mir-branch-ret/main.nyash}
+OUT=${2:-app_aot}
+OBJ_DIR=${OBJ_DIR:-target/aot_objects}
+OBJ_BASENAME=$(basename "$APP" .nyash)
+OBJ_PATH="$OBJ_DIR/$OBJ_BASENAME.o"
 
-Builds Nyash with Cranelift, emits an AOT object (.o) for the given program,
-links it with libnyrt.a into a native executable, and prints the result path.
+echo "[1/5] build nyash (cranelift-jit)"
+cargo build --release --features cranelift-jit
 
-Options:
-  -o <output>   Output executable name (default: app)
+echo "[2/5] build nyrt (static lib)"
+cargo build -p nyrt --release
 
-Notes:
-  - Requires a Cranelift-enabled build.
-  - Runtime requires nyash.toml and plugin .so files resolvable by nyash.toml paths.
-USAGE
-}
+echo "[3/5] emit object (.o) via jit-direct"
+mkdir -p "$OBJ_DIR"
+env -u NYASH_OPT_DIAG_FORBID_LEGACY NYASH_SKIP_TOML_ENV=1 NYASH_PLUGIN_ONLY=1 NYASH_AOT_OBJECT_OUT="$OBJ_DIR" ./target/release/nyash --jit-direct "$APP"
 
-if [[ $# -lt 1 ]]; then usage; exit 1; fi
-
-INPUT=""
-OUT="app"
-while [[ $# -gt 0 ]]; do
-  case "$1" in
-    -h|--help) usage; exit 0 ;;
-    -o) OUT="$2"; shift 2 ;;
-    *) INPUT="$1"; shift ;;
-  esac
-done
-
-if [[ ! -f "$INPUT" ]]; then
-  echo "error: input file not found: $INPUT" >&2
+if [[ ! -f "$OBJ_PATH" ]]; then
+  echo "❌ object not found: $OBJ_PATH" >&2
+  echo "Contents of $OBJ_DIR:" >&2
+  ls -la "$OBJ_DIR" >&2 || true
   exit 1
 fi
+ls -l "$OBJ_PATH"
 
-echo "[1/4] Building nyash (Cranelift) ..."
-if ! cargo build --release --features cranelift-jit >/dev/null; then
-  echo "error: failed to build nyash with Cranelift (feature cranelift-jit)" >&2
-  exit 1
-fi
-
-echo "[2/4] Emitting object (.o) via JIT (jit-direct) ..."
-rm -rf target/aot_objects && mkdir -p target/aot_objects
-# Directly request main.o to be written (engine will treat non-directory path as exact output file)
-NYASH_AOT_OBJECT_OUT=target/aot_objects/main.o \
-NYASH_USE_PLUGIN_BUILTINS=1 \
-NYASH_JIT_ONLY=1 \
-# Relax strict by default to allow partial lowering to still emit objects.
-# Users can re-enable strict with: export NYASH_JIT_STRICT=1
-NYASH_JIT_STRICT=${NYASH_JIT_STRICT:-0} \
-NYASH_JIT_NATIVE_F64=1 \
-# Allow f64 shim for PyObjectBox.call (type_id=41, method_id=2)
-NYASH_JIT_PLUGIN_F64="${NYASH_JIT_PLUGIN_F64:-41:2}" \
-NYASH_JIT_ARGS_HANDLE_ONLY=1 \
-NYASH_JIT_THRESHOLD=1 \
-./target/release/nyash --jit-direct "$INPUT" >/dev/null || true
-
-OBJ="target/aot_objects/main.o"
-if [[ ! -f "$OBJ" ]]; then
-  echo "error: object not generated: $OBJ" >&2
-  echo "hint: Ensure main() is lowerable under current JIT coverage." >&2
-  echo "hint: Run jit-direct manually with the same envs to diagnose lowering coverage." >&2
-  exit 2
-fi
-
-echo "[3/4] Building libnyrt.a ..."
-if [[ ! -d crates/nyrt ]]; then
-  echo "error: crates/nyrt not found. Please ensure nyrt runtime crate exists." >&2
-  exit 3
-fi
-( cd crates/nyrt && cargo build --release >/dev/null )
-
-echo "[4/4] Linking $OUT ..."
-cc "$OBJ" \
+echo "[4/5] link with nyrt -> $OUT"
+cc "$OBJ_PATH" \
   -L crates/nyrt/target/release \
   -Wl,--whole-archive -lnyrt -Wl,--no-whole-archive \
   -lpthread -ldl -lm -o "$OUT"
 
-echo "✅ Done: $OUT"
-echo "   (runtime requires nyash.toml and plugin .so per config)"
-if [[ "${NYASH_CLI_VERBOSE:-0}" == "1" ]]; then
-  echo "info: run with NYASH_CLI_VERBOSE=1 to see detailed steps and commands"
-fi
+echo "[5/5] run $OUT"
+./"$OUT"

tools/jit_compare_smoke.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+set -euo pipefail
+
+ROOT_DIR=$(cd "$(dirname "$0")/.." && pwd)
+cd "$ROOT_DIR"
+
+echo "[build] nyash (cranelift-jit)"
+cargo build --release --features cranelift-jit
+
+run_case() {
+  local app="$1"
+  echo "[run] jit-direct: $app"
+  NYASH_JIT_THRESHOLD=1 ./target/release/nyash --jit-direct "$app"
+}
+
+run_case apps/tests/mir-branch-ret/main.nyash
+run_case apps/tests/mir-compare-multi/main.nyash
+
+echo "[ok] jit compare smokes completed"
+

tools/vm_filebox_smoke.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+set -euo pipefail
+
+ROOT_DIR=$(cd "$(dirname "$0")/.." && pwd)
+cd "$ROOT_DIR"
+
+echo "[build] nyash (vm)"
+cargo build --release
+
+echo "[build] plugins: filebox"
+cargo build -p nyash-filebox-plugin --release
+
+mkdir -p tmp
+echo -n "OK" > tmp/vm_filebox_smoke.txt
+
+APP="apps/tests/vm-plugin-smoke-filebox/main.nyash"
+echo "[run] VM plugin-first strict: $APP"
+NYASH_VM_PLUGIN_STRICT=1 ./target/release/nyash --backend vm "$APP"
+

tools/vm_plugin_smoke.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+set -euo pipefail
+
+ROOT_DIR=$(cd "$(dirname "$0")/.." && pwd)
+cd "$ROOT_DIR"
+
+echo "[build] nyash (vm)"
+cargo build --release
+
+echo "[build] core plugins (subset)"
+cargo build -p nyash-counter-plugin --release
+
+APP="apps/tests/vm-plugin-smoke-counter/main.nyash"
+echo "[run] VM plugin-first strict: $APP"
+NYASH_VM_PLUGIN_STRICT=1 ./target/release/nyash --backend vm "$APP"
+