phase-20.39 step3 (partial): concat-safety in vm helpers – add StrCast, refactor MiniMap, ValueManager, MiniArray/MiniMap2, mir_call_v1_handler, extern provider/call; keep behavior; canaries PASS

lang/src/vm/boxes/mini_collections.hako

@@ -5,7 +5,8 @@ box MiniArray {
   field data: String
   birth() { me.data = "" return 0 }
   push(v) {
-    v = "" + v
+    using selfhost.vm.hakorune-vm.str_cast as StrCast
+    v = StrCast.to_str(v)
     if me.data == "" { me.data = v } else { me.data = me.data + "," + v }
     return 0
   }
@@ -26,14 +27,15 @@ box MiniArray {
   // Fail‑Fast accessor: returns element string; prints error and returns 0 on OOB
   at(index) {
     // normalize and validate index
-    local si = "" + index
+    using selfhost.shared.common.string_helpers as StringHelpers
+    local si = StringHelpers.int_to_str(index)
     local idx = 0
     if si != "" {
       local i = 0
       loop(i < si.length()) { idx = idx * 10 + ("0123456789".indexOf(si.substring(i,i+1)))  i = i + 1 }
     }
     local n = me.length()
-    if idx < 0 || idx >= n { print("[ERROR] MiniArray.at: index out of range: " + (""+idx) + "/" + (""+n)) return 0 }
+    if idx < 0 || idx >= n { print("[ERROR] MiniArray.at: index out of range: " + StringHelpers.int_to_str(idx) + "/" + StringHelpers.int_to_str(n)) return 0 }
     // find start position of idx-th element
     local s = me.data
     local pos = 0

lang/src/vm/boxes/mini_map_box.hako

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 // mini_map_box.hako — MiniMap
 // Responsibility: minimal string-backed map for Mini‑VM registers
+using selfhost.vm.hakorune-vm.str_cast as StrCast
 
 box MiniMap {
   store: StringBox
@@ -8,8 +9,8 @@ box MiniMap {
     return 0
   }
   set(key, value) {
-    key = "" + key
-    value = "" + value
+    key = StrCast.to_str(key)
+    value = StrCast.to_str(value)
     // remove existing key
     local out = ""
     local s = me.store
@@ -31,7 +32,7 @@ box MiniMap {
   // Compatibility: hv1 helpers expect getField/setField
   setField(key, value) { return me.set(key, value) }
   get(key) {
-    key = "" + key
+    key = StrCast.to_str(key)
     local s = me.store
     local pos = 0
     local last = null

lang/src/vm/boxes/mir_call_v1_handler.hako

@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ static box MirCallV1HandlerBox {
         // Per‑receiver or global length counter
         local per_recv = env.get("HAKO_VM_MIRCALL_SIZESTATE_PER_RECV"); if per_recv == null { per_recv = "0" }
         local key = "__vm_len"
-        if ("" + per_recv) == "1" {
+        if StringHelpers.int_to_str(per_recv) == "1" {
           local rid = MiniMirV1Scan.receiver_id(seg)
           if rid != null { key = "__vm_len:" + (""+rid) }
         }

lang/src/vm/boxes/mir_vm_min.hako

@@ -23,7 +23,8 @@ static box MirVmMin {
   _tprint(msg) {
     // Only emit hard errors by default; avoid env dependencies in Mini‑VM
     // Coerce to string to avoid VoidBox receiver issues during early boot
-    msg = "" + msg
+    using selfhost.vm.hakorune-vm.str_cast as StrCast
+    msg = StrCast.to_str(msg)
     if msg.indexOf("[ERROR]") >= 0 { print(msg) }
   }
   _d(msg, trace) { if trace == 1 { print(msg) } }

lang/src/vm/boxes/ret_resolve_simple.hako

@@ -10,9 +10,11 @@ using selfhost.shared.json.core.json_cursor as JsonCursorBox
 static box RetResolveSimpleBox {
   _to_i64(s) { return StringHelpers.to_i64(s) }
   _load_reg(regs, id) {
-    local v = regs.get("" + id)
+    using selfhost.shared.common.string_helpers as StringHelpers
+    local v = regs.get(StringHelpers.int_to_str(id))
     if v == null { return 0 }
-    local s = "" + v
+    using selfhost.vm.hakorune-vm.str_cast as StrCast
+    local s = StrCast.to_str(v)
     if StringHelpers.is_numeric_str(s) == 1 { return me._to_i64(s) }
     return 0
   }

lang/src/vm/hakorune-vm/extern_call_handler.hako

@@ -17,7 +17,8 @@ static box ExternCallHandlerBox {
     local p = env.get("HAKO_NYVM_EXTERN_POLICY")
     if p == null { p = env.get("NYASH_NYVM_EXTERN_POLICY") }
     if p == null { return 0 }
-    local s = "" + p
+    using selfhost.shared.common.string_helpers as StringHelpers
+    local s = StringHelpers.int_to_str(p)
     s = s.to_lower()
     if s == "allow" || s == "allowlist" || s == "on" || s == "1" { return 1 }
     return 0

lang/src/vm/hakorune-vm/extern_provider.hako

@@ -8,13 +8,15 @@ static box HakoruneExternProviderBox {
     if name == "env.get" {
       if args == null { return null }
       // args: single string key
-      local key = "" + args
+      using selfhost.vm.hakorune-vm.str_cast as StrCast
+      local key = StrCast.to_str(args)
       return env.get(key)
     }
     if name == "env.console.log" || name == "nyash.console.log" || name == "print" {
       // Accept single argument value → print as string
       if args == null { print(""); return 0 }
-      print("" + args)
+      using selfhost.vm.hakorune-vm.str_cast as StrCast
+      print(StrCast.to_str(args))
       return 0
     }
     if name == "env.console.warn" || name == "nyash.console.warn" {

lang/src/vm/hakorune-vm/str_cast.hako

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+// str_cast.hako — StrCast
+// Responsibility: centralize to-string coercion used by hv1 helpers.
+// Note: Uses minimal fallback concatenation internally to avoid scattered ""+x in codebase.
+
+static box StrCast {
+  to_str(x) {
+    if x == null { return "" }
+    // Fallback coercion
+    return "" + x
+  }
+}
+
+static box StrCastMain { method main(args) { return 0 } }
+

lang/src/vm/hakorune-vm/value_manager.hako

@@ -93,7 +93,8 @@ static box ValueManagerBox {
     return next
   }
   _map_key_str(value) {
-    return "" + value
+    // Keys for map meta should be string; centralize conversion
+    return StringHelpers.int_to_str(value)
   }
   mark_map_entry(regs, reg_id, key_value) {
     local meta = me._meta(regs)