127 lines
5.3 KiB
Markdown
127 lines
5.3 KiB
Markdown
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# NyIR v1 Specification (Draft Skeleton)
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Purpose
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- Define NyIR (public intermediate representation) as the portable contract for all frontends/backends.
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- Freeze the 25-instruction set, effects, ownership forest, weak semantics, and bus contract.
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Status
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- Version: nyir1.0 (draft)
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- Change policy: backward-compatible extensions via feature bits; no undefined behavior.
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1. Instruction Set (26) — Semantic Summary
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- Tier-0: Const, BinOp, Compare, Branch, Jump, Phi, Call, Return
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- Tier-1: NewBox, BoxFieldLoad, BoxFieldStore, BoxCall, ExternCall, Safepoint, RefGet, RefSet, WeakNew, WeakLoad, WeakCheck, Send, Recv
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- Tier-2: TailCall, Adopt, Release, MemCopy, AtomicFence
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For each instruction (to be filled):
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- Semantics: preconditions, side-effects, failure behavior
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- Effects: pure/mut/io/control
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- Verification: structural/formal checks
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- Example: minimal snippet
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2. Effects Model
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- pure: no observable side effects; can reorder with pure
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- mut: mutates owned state; preserve order per resource
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- io: interacts with outside world; preserve program order
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- control: affects control flow/terminators
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3. Ownership Forest
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- Strong edges form a forest (strong in-degree ≤ 1).
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- No strong cycles.
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- Weak edges do not propagate ownership.
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- Adopt/Release rules; Safepoint and split-fini notes.
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4. Weak Semantics
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- Representation: {ptr, generation}
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- WeakLoad: returns null if generation mismatch
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- WeakCheck: returns false if invalid
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- O(1) on-access validation
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5. Bus Contract
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- Local: in-order delivery
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- Remote: at-least-once (or selectable); specify ordering/dup policy
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6. Formats
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- Text .nyir: human-readable; module header, features, const pool, functions (blocks, instrs)
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- Binary .nybc: sectioned; header, features, const pool, functions, metadata; varint encodings
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- Feature bits and extension sections for evolution
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7. Verification
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- Program well-formedness: reachability, termination, dominance
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- Phi input consistency
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- Effects ordering constraints
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- Ownership forest & weak/generation rules
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- Bus safety checks
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8. External Calls (Core)
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- ExternCall: Interface to external libraries as Everything is Box principle
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- Format: ExternCall { dst, iface_name, method_name, args }
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- Effect annotation required (pure/mut/io/control)
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- BID (Box Interface Definition) provides external API contracts
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9. Mapping Guidelines
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- WASM: imports, memory rules, (ptr,len) strings
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- VM: function table mapping
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- LLVM: declare signatures; effect to attributes (readonly/readnone, etc.)
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10. Golden/Differential Testing
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- Golden .nyir corpus; cross-backend consistency (interp/vm/wasm/llvm)
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11. Versioning & Compatibility
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- nyir{major.minor}; feature negotiation and safe fallback
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12. Glossary
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- Box, Effect, Ownership forest, Weak, Safepoint, Bus, Feature bit
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Appendix
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- Minimal examples (to be added)
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- Rationale notes
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------------------------------------------------------------
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NyIR-Ext（拡張セット）
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------------------------------------------------------------
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目的
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- NyIR Core（26命令）は基本セマンティクス凍結。外部世界接続（ExternCall）を含む基本機能確立。
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- 拡張は言語固有機能に限定：「例外」「軽量並行/非同期」「アトミック」の3領域を段階追加。
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- Core機能: すべての言語で必要な基本セマンティクス（制御フロー・Box操作・外部呼び出し）
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- Extension機能: 特定言語でのみ必要な高級機能（例外処理・並行処理・アトミック操作）
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Ext-1: 例外/アンワインド（exceptions）
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- 命令（案）：
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- Throw(value)
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- TryBegin
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- TryEnd(handlers=[type:block])
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- 効果: control（脱出）。mut/io と混在する場合は当該効果も従属。
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- 検証: Try の整合（入れ子/終端）、未捕捉 Throw のスコープ明示、no-throw 関数属性の尊重。
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- バックエンド指針:
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- LLVM: 言語EH or setjmp/longjmp 系へ lower
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- WASM: v0は例外未使用なら「エラー戻り値」へ降格（no-exception モード）
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Ext-2: 軽量並行/非同期（concurrency）
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- 命令（案）：
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- Spawn(fn, args...)
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- Join(handle)
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- Await(task|event) // または Wait
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- 効果: io（スケジューラ相互作用）＋ control（待機・解除）。
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- 検証: Join/Spawn のライフサイクル均衡、待機の整合（任意でデッドロック静的ヒント）。
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- バックエンド指針:
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- LLVM: pthread/std::thread/独自ランタイム
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- WASM: スレッド未使用ならランループ/Promise/MessageChannel 等で近似
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Ext-3: アトミック（atomics）
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- 命令（案）：
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- AtomicRmw(op, addr, val, ordering=seq_cst)
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- CAS(addr, expect, replace, ordering=seq_cst)
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- 既存の AtomicFence は維持。
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- 効果: mut（アトミック副作用）。必要に応じて atomic/volatile フラグを effect/属性で付与。
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- バックエンド指針:
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- LLVM: `atomicrmw`, `cmpxchg`
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- WASM: Threads 提案が前提。未サポート環境では未実装 or 疑似ロック（デモ用途）
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備考
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- 可変引数は slice 表現で代替（IR 追加不要）。
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- クロージャ捕捉は Box + env フィールド + BoxCall で表現（IR 追加不要）。
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- 動的言語（辞書/配列/プロトタイプ）は標準Box（std）で受ける（IR 追加不要）。
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- 関数属性に「エラー戻り値モード/no-exception」などのメタを付与し、例外禁止環境へも対応する。
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