77 lines
3.2 KiB
Markdown
77 lines
3.2 KiB
Markdown
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# Nyash Quick Reference (MVP)
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Purpose
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- One‑page practical summary for writing and implementing Nyash.
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- Keep grammar minimal; clarify rules that often cause confusion.
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Keywords (reserved)
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- control: `if`, `else`, `loop`, `match`, `case`, `break`, `continue`, `return`
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- decl: `static`, `box`, `local`, `using`, `as`
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- lit: `true`, `false`, `null`, `void`
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Expressions and Calls
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- Function call: `f(a, b)`
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- Method call: `obj.m(a, b)` — internally rewritten to function form: `Class.m(me: obj, a, b)`
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- Rewrite is default‑ON; backends (VM/LLVM/Ny) receive the unified call shape.
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- Member: `obj.field` or `obj.m`
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Display & Conversion
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- Human‑readable display: `str(x)`（推奨）/ `x.str()`
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- 既存の `toString()` は `str()` に正規化（Builder早期リライト）。
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- 互換: 既存の `stringify()` は当面エイリアス（内部で `str()` 相当へ誘導）。
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- Debug表示（構造的・安定）: `repr(x)`（将来導入、devのみ）
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- JSONシリアライズ: `toJson(x)`（文字列）/ `toJsonNode(x)`（構造）
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Operators (precedence high→low)
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- Unary: `! ~ -`
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- Multiplicative: `* / %`
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- Additive: `+ -`
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- Compare: `== != < <= > >=`
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- Logical: `&& ||` (short‑circuit, side‑effect aware)
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Semicolons and ASI (Automatic Semicolon Insertion)
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- Allowed to omit semicolon at:
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- End of line, before `}` or at EOF, when the statement is syntactically complete.
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- Not allowed:
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- Line break immediately after a binary operator (e.g., `1 +\n2`)
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- Ambiguous continuations; parser must Fail‑Fast with a clear message.
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Truthiness (boolean context)
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- `Bool` → itself
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- `Integer` → `0` is false; non‑zero is true
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- `String` → empty string is false; otherwise true
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- `Array`/`Map` → non‑null is true (size is not consulted)
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- `null`/`void` → false
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Equality and Comparison
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- `==` and `!=` compare primitive values (Integer/Bool/String). No implicit cross‑type coercion.
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- Box/Instance comparisons should use explicit methods (`equals`), or be normalized by the builder.
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- Compare operators `< <= > >=` are defined on integers (MVP).
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String and Numeric `+`
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- If either side is `String`, `+` is string concatenation.
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- If both sides are numeric, `+` is addition.
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- Other mixes are errors (dev: warn; prod: error) — keep it explicit（必要なら `str(x)` を使う）。
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Blocks and Control
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- `if (cond) { ... } [else { ... }]`
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- `loop (cond) { ... }` — minimal loop form
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- `match (expr) { case ... }` — MVP (literals and simple type patterns)
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Using / SSOT
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- Dev/CI: file‑based `using` allowed for convenience.
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- Prod: `nyash.toml` only. Duplicate imports or alias rebinding is an error.
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Errors (format)
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- Always: `Error at line X, column Y: <message>`
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- For tokenizer errors, add the reason and show one nearby line if possible.
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Dev/Prod toggles (indicative)
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- `NYASH_DEV=1` — developer defaults (diagnostics, tracing; behavior unchanged)
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- `NYASH_ENABLE_USING=1` — enable using resolver
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- `NYASH_ENTRY_ALLOW_TOPLEVEL_MAIN=1` — allow `main` as top‑level entry
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Notes
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- Keep the language small. Prefer explicit conversions (`int(x)`, `str(x)`, `bool(x)`) in standard helpers over implicit coercions.
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- Builder rewrites method calls to keep runtime dispatch simple and consistent across backends.
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