# Branch Prediction Optimization - Quick Start Guide

**TL;DR:** HAKMEM has 10.89% branch-miss rate (3x worse than System malloc's 3.5%) because it executes **8.5x MORE branches** (17M vs 2M) due to debug code running in production.

---

## Immediate Fix (1 Minute)

**Add this ONE line to your build command:**

```bash
make CFLAGS="-DHAKMEM_BUILD_RELEASE=1 -O3" bench_random_mixed_hakmem
```

**Expected result:** +30-50% performance improvement

---

## Quick Win A/B Test

### Before (Current)
```bash
make clean
make bench_random_mixed_hakmem
perf stat -e branch-misses,branches ./bench_random_mixed_hakmem 100000 256 42

# Results:
# branches:       17,098,340
# branch-misses:   1,854,018 (10.84%)
# time:           0.103s
```

### After (Release Mode)
```bash
make clean
make CFLAGS="-DHAKMEM_BUILD_RELEASE=1 -O3" bench_random_mixed_hakmem
perf stat -e branch-misses,branches ./bench_random_mixed_hakmem 100000 256 42

# Expected:
# branches:       ~9M (-47%)
# branch-misses:  ~700K (7.8%)
# time:           ~0.060s (+42% faster)
```

---

## Top 4 Optimizations (Ranked by Impact/Risk)

### 1. Enable Release Mode ⚡ (0 risk, 40-50% impact)
**Action:** Add `-DHAKMEM_BUILD_RELEASE=1` to build flags

**Why:** Currently ALL debug code runs in production:
- 8 debug guards (`!HAKMEM_BUILD_RELEASE`)
- 6 rdtsc profiling calls
- 5-10 corruption validation branches
- All removed with one flag!

**Effort:** 1 line change
**Impact:** -40-50% branches, +30-50% performance

---

### 2. Pre-compute Env Vars 📊 (Low risk, 10-15% impact)
**Action:** Move getenv() from hot path to init

**Current problem:**
```c
// Called on EVERY allocation! (50-100 cycles)
if (g_tiny_profile_enabled == -1) {
    const char* env = getenv("HAKMEM_TINY_PROFILE");
    g_tiny_profile_enabled = (env && *env) ? 1 : 0;
}
```

**Fix:**
```c
// In hakmem_init.c (runs ONCE at startup)
void hakmem_tiny_init_config(void) {
    const char* env = getenv("HAKMEM_TINY_PROFILE");
    g_tiny_profile_enabled = (env && *env) ? 1 : 0;

    // Pre-compute all env vars here
}
```

**Files to modify:**
- `core/tiny_alloc_fast.inc.h:104`
- `core/hakmem_tiny_refill_p0.inc.h:66-84`

**Effort:** 1 day
**Impact:** -10-15% branches, +5-10% performance

---

### 3. Remove SFC Layer 🗑️ (Medium risk, 5-10% impact)
**Action:** Use only SLL (TLS freelist), remove SFC (Super Front Cache)

**Why redundant:**
- SLL already provides TLS freelist (same as System tcache)
- Phase 7 pre-warming gives SLL 95%+ hit rate
- SFC adds 5-6 branches with minimal benefit
- System malloc has 1 layer, HAKMEM has 3!

**Current:**
```
Allocation: SFC → SLL → SuperSlab
           5-6br  11-15br  20-30br
```

**Simplified:**
```
Allocation: SLL → SuperSlab
           2-3br   20-30br
```

**Effort:** 2 days
**Impact:** -5-10% branches, simpler code

---

### 4. Branch Hint Tuning 🎯 (Low risk, 2-5% impact)
**Action:** Fix incorrect `__builtin_expect` hints

**Examples:**
```c
// WRONG: SFC is disabled in most builds
if (__builtin_expect(sfc_is_enabled, 1)) {

// FIX:
if (__builtin_expect(sfc_is_enabled, 0)) {
```

**Effort:** 1 day
**Impact:** -2-5% branch-misses

---

## Performance Roadmap

| Phase | Branches | Branch-miss% | Throughput | Effort |
|-------|----------|--------------|------------|--------|
| **Current** | 17M | 10.84% | 1.07M ops/s | - |
| **+Release Mode** | 9M | 7.8% | 1.6M ops/s | 1 line |
| **+Pre-compute Env** | 8M | 7.5% | 1.8M ops/s | +1 day |
| **+Remove SFC** | 7M | 7.1% | 2.0M ops/s | +2 days |
| **+Hint Tuning** | 6.5M | 6.8% | 2.2M ops/s | +1 day |
| **System malloc** | 2M | 4.56% | 36M ops/s | - |

**Target:** 70-90% of System malloc performance (currently ~3%)

---

## Root Cause: 8.5x More Branches Than System Malloc

**The problem is NOT just misprediction rate, but TOTAL BRANCH COUNT:**

| Component | HAKMEM Branches | System Branches | Ratio |
|-----------|----------------|-----------------|-------|
| **Allocation** | 16-21 | 1-2 | **10x** |
| **Free** | 13-15 | 2-3 | **5x** |
| **Refill** | 10-15 | N/A | ∞ |
| **Total (100K allocs)** | 17M | 2M | **8.5x** |

**Why so many branches?**
1. ❌ Debug code in production (8 guards)
2. ❌ Multi-layer cache (SFC → SLL → SuperSlab)
3. ❌ Runtime env var checks (3 getenv() calls)
4. ❌ Excessive validation (alignment, corruption)

---

## System Malloc Reference (glibc tcache)

**Allocation (1-2 branches, 2-3 instructions):**
```c
void* tcache_get(size_t size) {
    int tc_idx = csize2tidx(size);
    tcache_entry* e = tcache->entries[tc_idx];
    if (e != NULL) {  // BRANCH 1
        tcache->entries[tc_idx] = e->next;
        return (void*)e;
    }
    return _int_malloc(av, bytes);
}
```

**Key differences:**
- ✅ 1 branch (vs HAKMEM's 16-21)
- ✅ No validation
- ✅ No debug guards
- ✅ Single cache layer
- ✅ No env var checks

---

## Makefile Integration (Recommended)

Add release build target:

```makefile
# Makefile

# Release build flags
HAKMEM_RELEASE_FLAGS = -DHAKMEM_BUILD_RELEASE=1 -DNDEBUG -O3 -flto

# Release targets
release: CFLAGS += $(HAKMEM_RELEASE_FLAGS)
release: all

bench-release: CFLAGS += $(HAKMEM_RELEASE_FLAGS)
bench-release: bench_random_mixed_hakmem larson_hakmem
```

**Usage:**
```bash
make release                # Build all in release mode
make bench-release          # Build benchmarks in release mode
./bench_random_mixed_hakmem 100000 256 42
```

---

## Detailed Analysis

See full report: `BRANCH_PREDICTION_OPTIMIZATION_REPORT.md`

**Key sections:**
- Section 1: Performance hotspot analysis (perf data)
- Section 2: Branch count by component (detailed breakdown)
- Section 4: Root cause analysis (why 8.5x more branches)
- Section 5: Optimization recommendations (ranked by impact/risk)
- Section 7: A/B test plan (measurement protocol)

---

## Contact

For questions or discussion:
- See: `BRANCH_PREDICTION_OPTIMIZATION_REPORT.md` (comprehensive analysis)
- Context: Phase 7 (header-based fast free) + Pool TLS Phase 1
- Date: 2025-11-09