# HAKMEM Allocator - Phase 2 Performance Analysis

## Quick Summary

| Metric | Phase 1 | Phase 2 | Change |
|--------|---------|---------|--------|
| **Throughput** | 72M ops/s | 79.8M ops/s | **+10.8%** ✓ |
| Cycles | 78.6M | 72.2M | -8.1% ✓ |
| Instructions | 167M | 153M | -8.4% ✓ |
| Branches | 36M | 23M | **-36%** ✓ |
| Branch Misses | 921K (2.56%) | 1.02M (4.43%) | +73% ✗ |
| L3 Cache Misses | 173K (9.28%) | 216K (10.28%) | +25% ✗ |
| dTLB Misses | N/A | 41 (0.01%) | **Excellent!** ✓ |

## Top 5 Hotspots (Phase 2, 628 samples)

1. **malloc()** - 36.51% CPU time
   - Function overhead (prologue/epilogue): ~18%
   - Lock operations: 5.05%
   - Initialization checks: ~15%

2. **main()** - 30.51% CPU time
   - Benchmark loop overhead (not allocator)

3. **free()** - 19.66% CPU time
   - Lock operations: 3.29%
   - Cached variable checks: ~15%
   - Function overhead: ~10%

4. **clear_page_erms (kernel)** - 9.31% CPU time
   - Page fault handling

5. **irqentry_exit_to_user_mode (kernel)** - 5.33% CPU time
   - Kernel exit overhead

## Phase 3 Optimization Targets (Ranked by Impact)

### 🔥 Priority 1: Fast-Path Inlining (Expected: +5-8%)
**Target**: Reduce malloc/free from 56% → ~33% CPU time
- Inline hot paths to eliminate function call overhead
- Remove stats counters from production builds
- Cache initialization state in TLS

### 🔥 Priority 2: Branch Optimization (Expected: +3-5%)
**Target**: Reduce branch misses from 1.02M → <700K
- Apply Profile-Guided Optimization (PGO)
- Add LIKELY/UNLIKELY hints
- Reduce branches in fast path from ~15 to 5-7

### 🔥 Priority 3: Cache Optimization (Expected: +2-4%)
**Target**: Reduce L3 misses from 216K → <180K
- Align hot structures to cache lines
- Add prefetching in allocation path
- Compact metadata structures

### 🎯 Priority 4: Remove Init Overhead (Expected: +2-3%)
- Cache g_initialized/g_enable checks in TLS
- Use constructor attributes more aggressively

### 🎯 Priority 5: Reduce Lock Contention (Expected: +1-2%)
- Move stats to TLS, aggregate periodically
- Eliminate atomic ops from fast path

### 🎯 Priority 6: Optimize TLS Operations (Expected: +1-2%)
- Reduce TLS reads/writes from ~10 to ~4 per operation
- Cache TLS values in registers

## Expected Phase 3 Results

**Target Throughput**: 87-95M ops/s (+9-19% improvement)

| Metric | Phase 2 | Phase 3 Target | Change |
|--------|---------|----------------|--------|
| Throughput | 79.8M ops/s | 87-95M ops/s | +9-19% |
| malloc CPU | 36.51% | ~22% | -40% |
| free CPU | 19.66% | ~11% | -44% |
| Branch misses | 4.43% | <3% | -32% |
| L3 cache misses | 10.28% | <8% | -22% |

## Key Insights

### ✅ What Worked in Phase 2
1. **SuperSlab size increase** (64KB → 512KB): Dramatically reduced branches (-36%)
2. **Amortized initialization**: memset overhead dropped from 6.41% → 1.77%
3. **Virtual memory optimization**: TLB miss rate is excellent (0.01%)

### ❌ What Needs Work
1. **Branch prediction**: Miss rate doubled despite fewer branches
2. **Cache pressure**: Larger SuperSlabs increased L3 misses
3. **Function overhead**: malloc/free dominate CPU time (56%)

### 🤔 Surprising Findings
1. **Cross-calling pattern**: malloc/free call each other 8-12% of the time
   - Thread-local cache flushing
   - Deferred release operations
   - May benefit from batching

2. **Kernel overhead increased**: clear_page_erms went from 2.23% → 9.31%
   - May need page pre-faulting strategy

3. **Main loop visible**: 30.51% CPU time
   - Benchmark overhead, not allocator
   - Real allocator overhead is ~56% (malloc + free)

## Files Generated

- `perf_phase2_stats.txt` - perf stat -d output
- `perf_phase2_symbols.txt` - Symbol-level hotspots
- `perf_phase2_callgraph.txt` - Call graph analysis
- `perf_phase2_detailed.txt` - Detailed counter breakdown
- `perf_malloc_annotate.txt` - Assembly annotation for malloc()
- `perf_free_annotate.txt` - Assembly annotation for free()
- `perf_analysis_summary.txt` - Detailed comparison with Phase 1
- `phase3_recommendations.txt` - Complete optimization roadmap

## How to Use This Data

### For Quick Reference
```bash
cat perf_phase2_stats.txt        # See overall metrics
cat perf_phase2_symbols.txt      # See top functions
```

### For Deep Analysis
```bash
cat perf_malloc_annotate.txt     # See assembly-level hotspots in malloc
cat perf_free_annotate.txt       # See assembly-level hotspots in free
cat perf_analysis_summary.txt    # See Phase 1 vs Phase 2 comparison
```

### For Planning Phase 3
```bash
cat phase3_recommendations.txt   # See ranked optimization opportunities
```

### To Re-run Analysis
```bash
# Quick stat
perf stat -d ./bench_random_mixed_hakmem 1000000 256 42

# Detailed profiling
perf record -F 9999 -g ./bench_random_mixed_hakmem 5000000 256 42
perf report --stdio --no-children --sort symbol
```

## Next Steps

1. **Week 1**: Implement fast-path inlining + remove stats locks (Expected: +8-10%)
2. **Week 2**: Apply PGO + branch hints (Expected: +3-5%)
3. **Week 3**: Cache line alignment + prefetching (Expected: +2-4%)
4. **Week 4**: TLS optimization + polish (Expected: +1-3%)

**Total Expected**: +14-22% improvement → **Target: 91-97M ops/s**

---

Generated: 2025-11-28
Phase: 2 → 3 transition
Baseline: 72M ops/s → Current: 79.8M ops/s → Target: 87-95M ops/s