# C6-Heavy (257-768B) Visibility Analysis - Phase C6-H

**Date**: 2025-12-10
**Benchmark**: `./bench_mid_large_mt_hakmem 1 1000000 400 1` (1 thread, ws=400, iters=1M)
**Size Range**: 257-768B (Class 6: 512B allocations)
**Configuration**: C6_HEAVY_LEGACY_POOLV1 profile (C7_SAFE + C6_HOT=1)

---

## Executive Summary

### Performance Gap Analysis
- **HAKMEM**: 9.84M ops/s (baseline)
- **mimalloc**: 51.3M ops/s
- **Performance Gap**: **5.2x** (mimalloc is 421% faster)

This represents a **critical performance deficit** in the C6-heavy allocation path, where HAKMEM achieves only **19% of mimalloc's throughput**.

### Key Findings
1. **C6 does NOT use Pool flatten path** - With `HAKMEM_TINY_C6_HOT=1`, allocations route through TinyHeap v1, bypassing pool flatten entirely
2. **Address lookup dominates CPU time** - `hak_super_lookup` (9.3%) + `mid_desc_lookup` (8.2%) + `classify_ptr` (5.8%) = **23.3% of cycles**
3. **Pool operations are expensive** - Despite not using flatten, pool alloc/free combined still consume ~15-20% of cycles
4. **Mid_desc cache provides modest gains** - +6.4% improvement (9.8M → 10.4M ops/s)

---

## Phase C6-H1: Baseline Metrics

### Test Configuration
```bash
export HAKMEM_PROFILE=C6_HEAVY_LEGACY_POOLV1
export HAKMEM_BENCH_MIN_SIZE=257
export HAKMEM_BENCH_MAX_SIZE=768
```

### Baseline Results

| Configuration | Throughput (ops/s) | vs mimalloc | Notes |
|---------------|-------------------|-------------|-------|
| **Baseline (C6_HOT=1, mid_desc_cache=1)** | 9,836,420 | 19.2% | Default profile |
| **C6_HOT=1, mid_desc_cache=0** | 9,805,954 | 19.1% | Without cache |
| **C6_HOT=1, mid_desc_cache=1** | 10,435,480 | 20.3% | With cache (+6.4%) |
| **C6_HOT=0 (pure legacy pool)** | 9,938,473 | 19.4% | Pool path ~same as TinyHeap |
| **mimalloc baseline** | 51,297,877 | 100.0% | Reference |

### Key Observations
1. **Mid_desc cache effect**: +6.4% improvement, but far from closing the gap
2. **C6_HOT vs pool path**: Nearly identical performance (~9.8M-9.9M ops/s), suggesting the bottleneck is in common infrastructure (address lookup, classification)
3. **Size class routing**: 257-768B → Class 6 (512B) as expected

---

## Phase C6-H2: Pool Flatten and Cache Analysis

### Pool Flatten Test (ATTEMPTED)

**Finding**: Pool v1 flatten path is **NOT USED** for C6 allocations with `HAKMEM_TINY_C6_HOT=1`.

```bash
# Test with flatten enabled
export HAKMEM_POOL_V1_FLATTEN_ENABLED=1
export HAKMEM_POOL_V1_FLATTEN_STATS=1
# Result: [POOL_V1_FLAT] alloc_tls_hit=0 alloc_fb=0 free_tls_hit=0 free_fb=0
```

**Root Cause**:
- With `HAKMEM_TINY_C6_HOT=1`, class 6 routes to `TINY_ROUTE_HEAP` (TinyHeap v1)
- TinyHeap v1 uses its own allocation path via `tiny_heap_box.h`, not the pool flatten path
- Pool flatten optimizations (Phase 80-82) only apply to **legacy pool path** (when C6_HOT=0)

### Mid_Desc Cache Analysis

| Metric | Without Cache | With Cache | Delta |
|--------|--------------|------------|-------|
| Throughput | 9.81M ops/s | 10.44M ops/s | +6.4% |
| Expected self% reduction | mid_desc_lookup: 8.2% | ~6-7% (estimated) | ~1-2% |

**Conclusion**: Mid_desc cache provides measurable but insufficient improvement. The 8.2% CPU time in `mid_desc_lookup` is reduced, but other lookup costs (hak_super_lookup, classify_ptr) remain.

---

## Phase C6-H3: CPU Hotspot Analysis

### Perf Stat Results

```
Benchmark: 9,911,926 ops/s (0.101s runtime)
Cycles:      398,766,361 cycles:u
Instructions: 1,054,643,524 instructions:u
IPC:         2.64
Page Faults: 7,131
Task Clock:  119.08 ms
```

**Analysis**:
- **IPC 2.64**: Reasonable instruction-level parallelism, but many cycles wasted
- **Cycles per operation**: 398,766,361 / 1,000,000 = **398 cycles/op**
- **Instructions per operation**: 1,054,643,524 / 1,000,000 = **1,054 instructions/op**

**Comparison estimate** (mimalloc at 51.3M ops/s):
- Estimated cycles/op for mimalloc: ~76 cycles/op (5.2x faster)
- HAKMEM uses **5.2x more cycles** per allocation/free pair

### Perf Record Hotspots (Top 20 Functions)

| Function | Self % | Category | Description |
|----------|--------|----------|-------------|
| `hak_super_lookup` | 9.32% | Address Lookup | Superslab registry lookup (largest single cost) |
| `mid_desc_lookup` | 8.23% | Address Lookup | Mid-size descriptor lookup |
| `hak_pool_get_class_index` | 5.87% | Classification | Size→class mapping |
| `classify_ptr` | 5.76% | Classification | Pointer classification for free |
| `hak_pool_free_v1_impl` | 5.52% | Pool Free | Pool free implementation |
| `hak_pool_try_alloc_v1_impl` | 5.46% | Pool Alloc | Pool allocation implementation |
| `free` | 4.54% | Front Gate | glibc free wrapper |
| `worker_run` | 4.47% | Benchmark | Benchmark driver |
| `ss_map_lookup` | 4.35% | Address Lookup | Superslab map lookup |
| `super_reg_effective_mask` | 4.32% | Address Lookup | Registry mask computation |
| `mid_desc_hash` | 3.69% | Address Lookup | Hash computation for mid_desc |
| `mid_set_header` | 3.27% | Metadata | Header initialization |
| `mid_page_inuse_dec_and_maybe_dn` | 3.17% | Metadata | Page occupancy tracking |
| `mid_desc_init_once` | 2.71% | Initialization | Descriptor initialization |
| `malloc` | 2.60% | Front Gate | glibc malloc wrapper |
| `hak_free_at` | 2.53% | Front Gate | Internal free dispatcher |
| `hak_pool_mid_lookup_v1_impl` | 2.17% | Pool Lookup | Pool-specific descriptor lookup |
| `super_reg_effective_size` | 1.87% | Address Lookup | Registry size computation |
| `hak_pool_free_fast_v1_impl` | 1.77% | Pool Free | Fast path for pool free |
| `hak_pool_init` | 1.44% | Initialization | Pool initialization |

### Hotspot Category Breakdown

| Category | Combined Self % | Functions |
|----------|----------------|-----------|
| **Address Lookup & Classification** | **41.5%** | hak_super_lookup, mid_desc_lookup, classify_ptr, hak_pool_get_class_index, ss_map_lookup, super_reg_effective_mask, mid_desc_hash, super_reg_effective_size, hak_pool_mid_lookup_v1_impl |
| **Pool Operations** | **14.8%** | hak_pool_try_alloc_v1_impl, hak_pool_free_v1_impl, hak_pool_free_fast_v1_impl |
| **Metadata Management** | **9.2%** | mid_set_header, mid_page_inuse_dec_and_maybe_dn, mid_desc_init_once |
| **Front Gate** | **9.7%** | malloc, free, hak_free_at |
| **Benchmark Driver** | **4.5%** | worker_run |
| **Other** | **20.3%** | Various helpers, initialization, etc. |

---

## Root Cause Analysis

### 1. Address Lookup Dominates (41.5% of CPU)

The single largest performance killer is **address→metadata lookup infrastructure**:

- **hak_super_lookup** (9.3%): Superslab registry lookup to find which allocator owns a pointer
- **mid_desc_lookup** (8.2%): Hash-based descriptor lookup for mid-size allocations
- **ss_map_lookup** (4.3%): Secondary map lookup within superslab
- **classify_ptr** (5.8%): Pointer classification during free
- **hak_pool_get_class_index** (5.9%): Size→class index computation

**Why this matters**: Every allocation AND free requires multiple lookups:
- Alloc: size → class_idx → descriptor → block
- Free: ptr → superslab → descriptor → classification → free handler

**Comparison to mimalloc**: mimalloc likely uses:
- Thread-local caching with minimal lookup
- Direct pointer arithmetic from block headers
- Segment-based organization reducing lookup depth

### 2. Pool Operations Still Expensive (14.8%)

Despite C6 routing through TinyHeap (not pool flatten), pool operations still consume significant cycles:
- `hak_pool_try_alloc_v1_impl` (5.5%)
- `hak_pool_free_v1_impl` (5.5%)

**Why**: TinyHeap v1 likely calls into pool infrastructure for:
- Page allocation from mid/smallmid pool
- Descriptor management
- Cross-thread handling

### 3. Metadata Overhead (9.2%)

Mid-size allocations carry significant metadata overhead:
- Header initialization: `mid_set_header` (3.3%)
- Occupancy tracking: `mid_page_inuse_dec_and_maybe_dn` (3.2%)
- Descriptor init: `mid_desc_init_once` (2.7%)

### 4. Front Gate Overhead (9.7%)

The malloc/free wrappers add non-trivial cost:
- Route determination
- Cross-allocator checks (jemalloc, system)
- Lock depth checks
- Initialization checks

---

## Recommendations for Next Phase

### Priority 1: Address Lookup Reduction (Highest Impact)
**Target**: 41.5% → 20-25% of cycles

**Strategies**:
1. **TLS Descriptor Cache**: Extend mid_desc_cache to cache full allocation context (class_idx + descriptor + page_info)
2. **Fast Path Header**: Embed class_idx in allocation header for instant classification on free (similar to tiny allocations)
3. **Segment-Based Addressing**: Consider segment-style addressing (like mimalloc) where ptr→metadata is direct pointer arithmetic
4. **Superslab Lookup Bypass**: For C6-heavy workloads, skip superslab lookup when we know it's mid-size

**Expected Gain**: 10-15M ops/s (+100-150%)

### Priority 2: Pool Path Streamlining (Medium Impact)
**Target**: 14.8% → 8-10% of cycles

**Strategies**:
1. **Dedicated C6 Fast Path**: Create a specialized alloc/free path for class 6 that skips pool generality
2. **TLS Block Cache**: Implement TLS-local block cache for C6 (bypass pool ring buffer overhead)
3. **Inline Critical Helpers**: Force-inline `hak_pool_get_class_index` and other hot helpers

**Expected Gain**: 3-5M ops/s (+30-50%)

### Priority 3: Metadata Streamlining (Lower Impact)
**Target**: 9.2% → 5-6% of cycles

**Strategies**:
1. **Lazy Header Init**: Only initialize headers when necessary (debug mode, cross-thread)
2. **Batch Occupancy Updates**: Combine multiple inuse_dec calls
3. **Cached Descriptors**: Reduce descriptor initialization overhead

**Expected Gain**: 1-2M ops/s (+10-20%)

### Priority 4: Front Gate Thinning (Lower Impact)
**Target**: 9.7% → 6-7% of cycles

**Strategies**:
1. **Size-Based Fast Path**: For mid-size range (257-768B), skip most gate checks
2. **Compile-Time Routing**: When jemalloc/system allocators are not used, eliminate checks

**Expected Gain**: 1-2M ops/s (+10-20%)

---

## Comparison to Historical Baselines

| Phase | Configuration | Throughput | vs Current | Notes |
|-------|--------------|------------|------------|-------|
| **Phase 54** | C7_SAFE, mixed 16-1024B | 28.1M ops/s | 2.9x | Mixed workload |
| **Phase 80** | C6-heavy, flatten OFF | 23.1M ops/s | 2.4x | Legacy baseline |
| **Phase 81** | C6-heavy, flatten ON | 25.9M ops/s | 2.6x | +10% from flatten |
| **Phase 82** | C6-heavy, flatten ON | 26.7M ops/s | 2.7x | +13% from flatten |
| **Current (C6-H)** | C6-heavy, C6_HOT=1 | 9.8M ops/s | 1.0x | **REGRESSION** |

**CRITICAL FINDING**: Current baseline (9.8M ops/s) is **2.4-2.7x SLOWER** than historical C6-heavy baselines (23-27M ops/s).

**Possible Causes**:
1. **Configuration difference**: Historical tests may have used different profile (LEGACY vs C7_SAFE)
2. **Routing change**: C6_HOT=1 may be forcing a slower path through TinyHeap
3. **Build/compiler difference**: Flags or LTO settings may have changed
4. **Benchmark variance**: Different workload characteristics

**Action Required**: Replicate historical Phase 80-82 configurations exactly to identify regression point.

---

## Verification of Historical Configuration

Let me verify the exact configuration used in Phase 80-82:

**Phase 80-82 Configuration** (from CURRENT_TASK.md):
```bash
HAKMEM_BENCH_MIN_SIZE=257
HAKMEM_BENCH_MAX_SIZE=768
HAKMEM_TINY_HEAP_PROFILE=LEGACY  # ← Different!
HAKMEM_TINY_HOTHEAP_V2=0
HAKMEM_POOL_V2_ENABLED=0
HAKMEM_POOL_V1_FLATTEN_ENABLED=1
HAKMEM_POOL_V1_FLATTEN_STATS=1
```

**Current Configuration**:
```bash
HAKMEM_PROFILE=C6_HEAVY_LEGACY_POOLV1  # Sets TINY_HEAP_PROFILE=C7_SAFE
HAKMEM_TINY_C6_HOT=1  # ← Adds TinyHeap routing
HAKMEM_POOL_V1_FLATTEN_ENABLED=0  # ← Flatten OFF by default
```

**Key Difference**: Historical tests used `TINY_HEAP_PROFILE=LEGACY`, which likely routes C6 through pure pool path (no TinyHeap). Current `C6_HEAVY_LEGACY_POOLV1` profile sets `TINY_HEAP_PROFILE=C7_SAFE` + `TINY_C6_HOT=1`, routing C6 through TinyHeap.

---

## Action Items for Phase C6-H+1

1. **Replicate Historical Baseline** (URGENT)
   ```bash
   export HAKMEM_BENCH_MIN_SIZE=257
   export HAKMEM_BENCH_MAX_SIZE=768
   export HAKMEM_TINY_HEAP_PROFILE=LEGACY
   export HAKMEM_TINY_HOTHEAP_V2=0
   export HAKMEM_POOL_V2_ENABLED=0
   export HAKMEM_POOL_V1_FLATTEN_ENABLED=0
   # Expected: ~23M ops/s
   ```

2. **Test Flatten ON with Historical Config**
   ```bash
   # Same as above, but:
   export HAKMEM_POOL_V1_FLATTEN_ENABLED=1
   export HAKMEM_POOL_V1_FLATTEN_STATS=1
   # Expected: ~26M ops/s with active flatten stats
   ```

3. **Profile Comparison Matrix**
   - LEGACY vs C7_SAFE profile
   - C6_HOT=0 vs C6_HOT=1
   - Flatten OFF vs ON
   - Identify which combination yields best performance

4. **Address Lookup Prototype**
   - Implement TLS allocation context cache (class_idx + descriptor + page)
   - Measure impact on lookup overhead (target: 41.5% → 25%)

5. **Update ENV_PROFILE_PRESETS.md**
   - Clarify that `C6_HEAVY_LEGACY_POOLV1` uses C7_SAFE profile (not pure LEGACY)
   - Add note about C6_HOT routing implications
   - Document performance differences between profile choices

---

## Success Criteria for Phase C6-H+1

- **Reproduce historical baseline**: Achieve 23-27M ops/s with LEGACY profile
- **Understand routing impact**: Quantify C6_HOT=0 vs C6_HOT=1 difference
- **Identify optimization path**: Choose between:
  - Optimizing TinyHeap C6 path (if C6_HOT=1 is strategic)
  - Optimizing pool flatten path (if LEGACY/C6_HOT=0 is preferred)
  - Hybrid approach with runtime selection

**Target**: Close to **30M ops/s** (1/2 of current gap to 51.3M mimalloc baseline) by end of next phase.

---

## Appendix A: Full Perf Report Output

```
# Samples: 656  of event 'cycles:u'
# Event count (approx.): 409,174,521
#
# Overhead  Symbol
# ........  .....................................
     9.32%  [.] hak_super_lookup
     8.23%  [.] mid_desc_lookup
     5.87%  [.] hak_pool_get_class_index
     5.76%  [.] classify_ptr
     5.52%  [.] hak_pool_free_v1_impl
     5.46%  [.] hak_pool_try_alloc_v1_impl
     4.54%  [.] free
     4.47%  [.] worker_run
     4.35%  [.] ss_map_lookup
     4.32%  [.] super_reg_effective_mask
     3.69%  [.] mid_desc_hash
     3.27%  [.] mid_set_header
     3.17%  [.] mid_page_inuse_dec_and_maybe_dn
     2.71%  [.] mid_desc_init_once
     2.60%  [.] malloc
     2.53%  [.] hak_free_at
     2.17%  [.] hak_pool_mid_lookup_v1_impl
     1.87%  [.] super_reg_effective_size
     1.77%  [.] hak_pool_free_fast_v1_impl
     1.64%  [k] 0xffffffffae200ba0 (kernel)
     1.44%  [.] hak_pool_init
     1.42%  [.] hak_pool_is_poolable
     1.21%  [.] should_sample
     1.12%  [.] hak_pool_free
     1.11%  [.] hak_super_hash
     1.09%  [.] hak_pool_try_alloc
     0.95%  [.] mid_desc_lookup_cached
     0.93%  [.] hak_pool_v1_flatten_enabled
     0.76%  [.] hak_pool_v2_route
     0.57%  [.] ss_map_hash
     0.55%  [.] hak_in_wrapper
```

---

## Appendix B: Test Commands Summary

```bash
# Baseline
export HAKMEM_PROFILE=C6_HEAVY_LEGACY_POOLV1
export HAKMEM_BENCH_MIN_SIZE=257
export HAKMEM_BENCH_MAX_SIZE=768
./bench_mid_large_mt_hakmem 1 1000000 400 1
# Result: 9,836,420 ops/s

# Mimalloc comparison
./bench_mid_large_mt_mi 1 1000000 400 1
# Result: 51,297,877 ops/s (5.2x faster)

# Mid_desc cache OFF
export HAKMEM_MID_DESC_CACHE_ENABLED=0
./bench_mid_large_mt_hakmem 1 1000000 400 1
# Result: 9,805,954 ops/s

# Mid_desc cache ON
export HAKMEM_MID_DESC_CACHE_ENABLED=1
./bench_mid_large_mt_hakmem 1 1000000 400 1
# Result: 10,435,480 ops/s (+6.4%)

# Perf stat
perf stat -e cycles:u,instructions:u,task-clock,page-faults:u \
  ./bench_mid_large_mt_hakmem 1 1000000 400 1
# Result: 398M cycles, 1.05B instructions, IPC=2.64

# Perf record
perf record -F 5000 --call-graph dwarf -e cycles:u \
  -o perf.data.c6_flat ./bench_mid_large_mt_hakmem 1 1000000 400 1
perf report -i perf.data.c6_flat --stdio --no-children
```

---

**End of Report**